Gravitational waves from axisymmetrically oscillating neutron stars in general relativistic simulations

Gravitational waves from oscillating neutron stars in axial symmetry are studied performing numerical simulations in full general relativity. Neutron stars are modeled by a polytropic equation of state for simplicity. A gauge-invariant wave extraction method as well as a quadrupole formula are adopted for computation of gravitational waves. It is found that the gauge-invariant variables systematically contain numerical errors generated near the outer boundaries in the present axisymmetric computation. We clarify their origin, and illustrate it possible to eliminate the dominant part of the systematic errors. The best corrected waveforms for oscillating and rotating stars currently contain errors of magnitude $\sim 10^{-3}$ in the local wave zone. Comparing the waveforms obtained by the gauge-invariant technique with those by the quadrupole formula, it is shown that the quadrupole formula yields approximate gravitational waveforms besides a systematic underestimation of the amplitude of $O(M/R)$ where $M$ and $R$ denote the mass and the radius of neutron stars. However, the wave phase and modulation of the amplitude can be computed accurately. This indicates that the quadrupole formula is a useful tool for studying gravitational waves from rotating stellar core collapse to a neutron star in fully general relativistic simulations. Properties of the gravitational waveforms from the oscillating and rigidly rotating neutron stars are also addressed paying attention to the oscillation associated with fundamental modes

Emulsion chamber observations and interpretation (HE 3)

Experimental results from Emulsion Chamber (EC) experiments at mountain altitudes or at higher levels using flying carriers are examined. The physical interest in this field is concentrated on the strong interaction at the very high energy region exceeding the accelerator energy, also on the primary cosmic ray intensity and its chemical composition. Those experiments which observed cosmic ray secondaries gave information on high energy interaction characteristics through the analyses of secondary spectra, gamma-hadron families and C-jets (direct observation of the particle production occuring at the carbon target). Problems of scaling violation in fragmentation region, interaction cross section, transverse momentum of produced secondaries, and some peculiar features of exotic events are discussed

Merger of binary neutron stars of unequal mass in full general relativity

We present results of three dimensional numerical simulations of the merger of unequal-mass binary neutron stars in full general relativity. A $\Gamma$-law equation of state $P=(\Gamma-1)\rho\epsilon$ is adopted, where $P$, $\rho$, \varep, and $\Gamma$ are the pressure, rest mass density, specific internal energy, and the adiabatic constant, respectively. We take $\Gamma=2$ and the baryon rest-mass ratio $Q_M$ to be in the range 0.85--1. The typical grid size is $(633,633,317)$ for $(x,y,z)$ . We improve several implementations since the latest work. In the present code, the radiation reaction of gravitational waves is taken into account with a good accuracy. This fact enables us to follow the coalescence all the way from the late inspiral phase through the merger phase for which the transition is triggered by the radiation reaction. It is found that if the total rest-mass of the system is more than $\sim 1.7$ times of the maximum allowed rest-mass of spherical neutron stars, a black hole is formed after the merger irrespective of the mass ratios. The gravitational waveforms and outcomes in the merger of unequal-mass binaries are compared with those in equal-mass binaries. It is found that the disk mass around the so formed black holes increases with decreasing rest-mass ratios and decreases with increasing compactness of neutron stars. The merger process and the gravitational waveforms also depend strongly on the rest-mass ratios even for the range $Q_M= 0.85$--1.Comment: 32 pages, PRD68 to be publishe

Thermodynamic properties of the one-dimensional Kondo insulators studied by the density matrix renormalization group method

Thermodynamic properties of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model at half-filling are studied by the density matrix renormalization group method applied to the quantum transfer matrix. Spin susceptibility, charge susceptibility, and specific heat are calculated down to T=0.1t for various exchange constants. The obtained results clearly show crossover behavior from the high temperature regime of nearly independent localized spins and conduction electrons to the low temperature regime where the two degrees of freedom couple strongly. The low temperature energy scales of the charge and spin susceptibilities are determined and shown to be equal to the quasiparticle gap and the spin gap, respectively, for weak exchange couplings.Comment: 4 pages, 3 Postscript figures, REVTeX, submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Gravitational Waves from the Merger of Binary Neutron Stars in a Fully General Relativistic Simulation

We performed 3D numerical simulations of the merger of equal-mass binary neutron stars in full general relativity using a new large scale supercomputer. We take the typical grid size as (505,505,253) for (x,y,z) and the maximum grid size as (633,633,317). These grid numbers enable us to put the outer boundaries of the computational domain near the local wave zone and hence to calculate gravitational waveforms of good accuracy (within $\sim 10$ error) for the first time. To model neutron stars, we adopt a $\Gamma$-law equation of state in the form $P=(\Gamma-1)\rho\epsilon$, where P, $\rho$, \varep and $\Gamma$ are the pressure, rest mass density, specific internal energy, and adiabatic constant. It is found that gravitational waves in the merger stage have characteristic features that reflect the formed objects. In the case that a massive, transient neutron star is formed, its quasi-periodic oscillations are excited for a long duration, and this property is reflected clearly by the quasi-periodic nature of waveforms and the energy luminosity. In the case of black hole formation, the waveform and energy luminosity are likely damped after a short merger stage. However, a quasi-periodic oscillation can still be seen for a certain duration, because an oscillating transient massive object is formed during the merger. This duration depends strongly on the initial compactness of neutron stars and is reflected in the Fourier spectrum of gravitational waves. To confirm our results and to calibrate the accuracy of gravitational waveforms, we carried out a wide variety of test simulations, changing the resolution and size of the computational domain.Comment: 40 pages; pubslihed in Prog. Theor. Phys. 107 (2002), 26

A relativistic formalism for computation of irrotational binary stars in quasi equilibrium states

We present relativistic hydrostatic equations for obtaining irrotational binary neutron stars in quasi equilibrium states in 3+1 formalism. Equations derived here are different from those previously given by Bonazzola, Gourgoulhon, and Marck, and have a simpler and more tractable form for computation in numerical relativity. We also present hydrostatic equations for computation of equilibrium irrotational binary stars in first post-Newtonian order.Comment: 5 pages, corrected eqs.(2.10), (2.11) and (3.1

Thermodynamics of doped Kondo insulator in one dimension: Finite Temperature DMRG Study

The finite-temperature density-matrix renormalization-group method is applied to the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model near half filling to study its thermodynamics. The spin and charge susceptibilities and entropy are calculated down to T=0.03t. We find two crossover temperatures near half filling. The higher crossover temperature continuously connects to the spin gap at half filling, and the susceptibilities are suppressed around this temperature. At low temperatures, the susceptibilities increase again with decreasing temperature when doping is finite. We confirm that they finally approach to the values obtained in the Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid ground state for several parameters. The crossover temperature to the TL liquid is a new energy scale determined by gapless excitations of the TL liquid. The transition from the metallic phase to the insulating phase is accompanied by the vanishing of the lower crossover temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 7 Postscript figures, REVTe

Axisymmetric general relativistic hydrodynamics: Long-term evolution of neutron stars and stellar collapse to neutron stars and black holes

We report a new implementation for axisymmetric simulation in full general relativity. In this implementation, the Einstein equations are solved using the Nakamura-Shibata formulation with the so-called cartoon method to impose an axisymmetric boundary condition, and the general relativistic hydrodynamic equations are solved using a high-resolution shock-capturing scheme based on an approximate Riemann solver. As tests, we performed the following simulations: (i) long-term evolution of non-rotating and rapidly rotating neutron stars, (ii) long-term evolution of neutron stars of a high-amplitude damping oscillation accompanied with shock formation, (iii) collapse of unstable neutron stars to black holes, and (iv) stellar collapses to neutron stars. The tests (i)--(iii) were carried out with the $\Gamma$-law equation of state, and the test (iv) with a more realistic parametric equation of state for high-density matter. We found that this new implementation works very well: It is possible to perform the simulations for stable neutron stars for more than 10 dynamical time scales, to capture strong shocks formed at stellar core collapses, and to accurately compute the mass of black holes formed after the collapse and subsequent accretion. In conclusion, this implementation is robust enough to apply to astrophysical problems such as stellar core collapse of massive stars to a neutron star and black hole, phase transition of a neutron star to a high-density star, and accretion-induced collapse of a neutron star to a black hole. The result for the first simulation of stellar core collapse to a neutron star started from a realistic initial condition is also presented.Comment: 28 pages, to appear in PRD 67, 0440XX (2003

Solid Chemical Radiation Dosimeter Semiannual Report

Temperature and X-irradiation strength effects on acid production and color changes in solid chemical radiation dosimete